Autoimmune diseases and other health disorders

Excessive stimulation due to bacterial dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability may produce systemic inflammation due to dysfunctional responses of the adaptive immune system. The gut microbiota is involved in mucosal barrier integrity and immune function and can influence on mucosal immunity and systemic inflammation.


These microbes can produce hormones, neurotransmitters and neurotoxic metabolites that are linked to many different disorders such as rheumatic diseases, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and alcoholism.

In addition to the gut microbiota, bacterial communities of other sites such as the mouth, lung, and skin have been related to autoimmune diseases.

  1. The role of the gut and microbes in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Asquith M, Elewaut D, Lin P, Rosenbaum JT. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2014 Oct;28(5):687-702. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.018. Epub 2014 Nov 15. Review.
  2. The gut microbiome and the brain. Galland L. J Med Food. 2014 Dec;17(12):1261-72. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2014.7000. Review.
  3. Microbiome in Inflammatory Arthritis and Human Rheumatic Diseases. Scher JU, Littman DR, Abramson SB. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Jan;68(1):35-45. doi: 10.1002/art.39259. Review. No abstract available.
  4. The human microbiome and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Verwoerd A, Ter Haar NM, de Roock S, Vastert SJ, Bogaert D. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2016 Sep 20;14(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s12969-016-0114-4. Review.
  5. The microbiota in pediatric rheumatic disease: epiphenomenon or therapeutic target? Stoll ML, Cron RQ. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016 Sep;28(5):537-43. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000312. Review.
  6. The intestinal microbiome in spondyloarthritis. Gill T, Asquith M, Rosenbaum JT, Colbert RA.Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2015 Jul;27(4):319-25. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000187. Review.
  7. Th17 Cells in Type 1 Diabetes: Role in the Pathogenesis and Regulation by Gut Microbiome. Li Y, Liu Y, Chu CQ. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:638470. doi: 10.1155/2015/638470. Epub 2015 Dec 30. Review.
  8. Obesity and inflammatory arthritis: impact on occurrence, disease characteristics and therapeutic response. DaĂŻen CI, Sellam J. RMD Open. 2015 Jun 29;1(1):e000012. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2014-000012. eCollection 2015. Review.
  9. Is localized autoimmunity the trigger for rheumatoid arthritis? Unravelling new targets for prevention. Mankia K, Emery P. Discov Med. 2015 Sep;20(109):129-35. Review.
  10. Altered composition of gut microbiota in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Maeda Y, Kumanogoh A, Takeda K. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 2016;39(1):59-63. doi: 10.2177/jsci.39.59. Review.